Bend the leads. Insert the BC548 with the flat face facing the opposite direction, or cross the collector and emitter leads.
: Alternatives may have different case styles or sizes; users must verify if the replacement will fit the physical space. all transistor equivalent book
: Transistor C : NPN high-frequency (Note: "2S" is often omitted on the physical part housing as "C1815") Pro Electron (Europe) Bend the leads
Finding the exact replacement for a damaged transistor can be a major challenge. Semiconductor manufacturers have produced tens of thousands of unique part numbers over the decades. Many classic transistors are now obsolete and out of production. : Transistor C : NPN high-frequency (Note: "2S"
Suppose you have a damaged transistor labeled (a common Japanese NPN). You open your all transistor equivalent book and see: C945 = BC548, 2SC1815, or 2N3904.
NTE Electronics took over the legacy of the universal replacement market. The NTE Technical Guide and Cross Reference is still actively maintained today. It operates exactly like the old ECG system, matching thousands of industry part numbers to a streamlined catalog of NTE components. The Jaeger Semiconductor Master Reference