Mobile graphics processing units (GPUs) have evolved from fixed-function hardware into highly programmable, complex compute engines. The transition from OpenGL ES to Vulkan has shifted significant control from the driver to the application developer, reducing overhead but increasing the attack surface. The Qualcomm Adreno GPU series, ubiquitous in the Android ecosystem, relies on a proprietary kernel driver ( kgsl or the newer architecture-specific variants) to manage hardware resources.