(for scholarly reprints) – but free PDFs are available on the above.
A destructive debate where a critic attacks an opponent's view without offering their own.
Gaining knowledge about something unperceived based on what is perceived. The classic example is: "There is fire on the mountain because there is smoke, and wherever there is smoke, there is fire." 3. Upamana (Comparison)
The Nyaya Sutras of Gotama (English translation by Satish Chandra Vidyabhushana, 1913 – or Ganganath Jha, 1919).
The moment a debater loses ground due to misunderstanding or errors. Pramana: The Nyaya Theory of Knowledge
Unlike the Western three-part syllogism (Aristotle), Nyaya uses a five-step process to ensure a conclusion is grounded in reality: Pratijna (Proposition):
An honest debate aimed at discovering the truth.













