Peasants were increasingly tied to the soil, subjected to forced labor (vishti), and compelled to pay a dizzying array of local taxes to their new landlords. 2. Key Characteristics of Early Medieval Indian Society
The decline of centralized empires (like the Gupta Empire) resulted in the rise of regional kingdoms and local potentates. Early Medieval Indian Society Rs Sharma Pdf Download -
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However, during this period, new social groups emerged, such as the Kayasthas (scribes and administrators) and the Baniyas (merchants and traders). These groups played a significant role in shaping the social and economic landscape of early medieval India.