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Structures must be designed to resist the most critical factored load combinations. The primary combinations include: Where: = Dead Load, = Live Load, = Roof Live Load, = Rain Load, and = Earthquake Load. Strength Reduction Factors (

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Reinforced concrete remains the backbone of modern infrastructure. For civil engineering students and practitioners in the Philippines, mastering this subject requires a blend of fundamental theory and strict adherence to local building codes. Among the most sought-after resources for this mastery is the work of and Besavilla , particularly as they relate to the National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP) 2015 . The Importance of the NSCP 2015 Structures must be designed to resist the most